Thus, other risk factors known or suspected to be associated with an increased risk of HNC may be contributing actively to the cancer burden in these regions. In 2018, age-standardized (world) incidence rates of head and neck cancer per 100,000 were estimated to be 8.1 in Guadeloupe (men: 15.5 women: 2.1) and 5.7 in Martinique (men: 12.1 women: 0.6). However, in Guadeloupe and Martinique, two French overseas territories in the French West Indies (FWI), the prevalence of these risk factors is relatively low (27 and 6% respectively) whereas incidence rates of HNC among men are among the highest in Latin America and the Caribbean. Tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking are the major risk factors. Head and neck cancer is a public health concern across the world, counting 700,000 new cases every year. Future research should emphasise on the role of occupational factors to better understand this disease. Prevention programs for HNSCC in the FWI should target tobacco and alcohol cessation, particularly in men. Tobacco and alcohol appeared to have the greatest impact on HNSCC incidence among the studied risk factors, especially among men. The overall PAF for all risk factors combined was 89.0% (95% CI = 82.0–93.2). The PAFs for the remaining risk factors were 9% for family history of HNSCC, 9% for low BMI, 15% for high-risk HPV, and 25% for occupations. The PAF for the combined consumption of tobacco and/or alcohol was 78.2% and was considerably larger in men (85%) than in women (33%). The majority of HNSCC cases were attributable to tobacco smoking (65.7%) and alcohol (44.3%).

Tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, high-risk HPV, family history of HNC, low BMI and several occupations and industries were significantly associated to the occurrence of HNSCC. We used logistic regression models to estimate adjusted odds-ratios (OR), PAFs and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). We conducted a population-based case-control study (145 cases and 405 controls). We assessed associations between several factors and HNSCC risk, their population attributable fractions (PAF) in the FWI, and compared these PAFs by subsite, sex and age. Little is known about other risk factors in the FWI.

The incidence of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in the French West Indies (FWI) is relatively high, despite a low prevalence of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking.

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